温度对氢气还原铁氧化物过程膨胀性能的影响

摘要：为探究球团矿还原过程中产生恶性膨胀的问题，研究了温度对H2还原Fe2O3样条过程中膨胀性能的影响，并采用PCY G膨胀仪进行在线检测，通过对比不同温度条件下还原产物的外观形貌与显微结构，解释还原反应产生膨胀差异的原因。实验结果表明，H2还原气氛下，随着还原温度的升高，800℃下样条膨胀最大，样条的最大膨胀量出现先增加后减小的趋势；还原反应达到最大膨胀量所用时间逐渐缩短。随着还原温度的升高，铁相连接更加紧密，样条内外产生更大应力差，致使900℃条件下的还原反应提前进入铁相收缩的状态。     

Short‐term effects in a reduced flow stretch: The case of the Antas River in South Brazil

The building of adduction channels (penstocks) that conduct water from reservoirs to turbines, which are located kilometres from the dam, is becoming common, optimizing the electricity generation in small dams. This design creates a river stretch with reduced discharge between the dam and the powerhouse. This study evaluates the short‐term impacts of the below‐dam decrease in river flow on fish assemblages. Samples were collected in the reduced flow stretch of the Castro Alves Hydropower Plant (Antas River, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) before the reservoir started operating (January 2008; mean discharge of 103.7 m³/s) and immediately after operation began (March 2008; mean discharge of 12.4 m³/s). Sampling was conducted in distinct habitats of the reduced flow stretch (slow waters—gillnets, sand beaches—seining nets, structured littoral—electrofishing, and fast waters—cast nets) with a strongly standardized effort. The attributes of the fish assemblages were not negatively affected by the flow reduction in any habitat sampled. However, distinct changes in the spatial structure were observed considering the different types of habitat predominantly used by the species, which represents an entire reorganization of the fish assemblages in the short term. It is fundamental that these short‐term aspects be considered in the licensing of hydropower plants in addition to the long‐term changes.     

芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.dwc-2对模拟地下水中U(Ⅵ)的还原行为研究

在厌氧条件下研究了西南地区一种典型土壤微生物芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.dwc-2对模拟地下水中U(Ⅵ)的还原行为，重点考察了时间、无机阴离子、腐殖酸（HA）及富里酸（FA）对还原的影响，并利用TEM、EDS、SAED和XPS对还原后的样品进行了表征。结果表明：在pH=7.0、c_NaHCO3=5 mmol/L和T=303 K条件下，Bacillus sp.dwc-2对U(Ⅵ)的还原率随时间的增加而增加，24 h内最大还原率为12.2%，此后则随时间的增加逐渐降低；HA和FA对U(Ⅵ)的微生物还原行为有一定影响，其中HA和FA浓度为25 mg/L时，U(Ⅵ)的还原在24 h最明显，其还原率分别为14.2%和16.2%，但随着HA和FA浓度的继续增加，因在U(Ⅵ)离子与HA、FA形成的配合物表面形成致密的腐殖层，抑制了电子的转移，阻止了U(Ⅵ)的还原。此外，研究表明HCO₃^-也会抑制U(Ⅵ)的还原。TEM-SAED和XPS分析证实了还原过程中U(Ⅳ)的存在。上述结果可为真实环境中微生物还原U(Ⅵ)提供基础数据和参考。     

用于厚屏蔽小探测器的蒙特卡罗模拟减方差方法研究

反应堆屏蔽计算中经常出现厚屏蔽、小探测器问题，常规蒙特卡罗方法难以有效解决。基于自动重要抽样（AIS）方法，本文提出了小探测器自动重要抽样(SDAIS)方法，并针对小探测器问题，优化了AIS方法的虚粒子赌分裂算法。该方法在自主开发的蒙特卡罗屏蔽程序MCShield上进行了实现。使用NUREG/CR-6115 PWR基准题验证该方法的正确性和计算效率。结果表明，SDAIS方法可有效地解决厚屏蔽小探测器问题，相比AIS方法及传统的重要性方法，计算效率提升1~2个量级。     

Effects of Environments on the Noise of Atomic Force Microscopy Cantilevers

环境对原子力显微镜悬臂噪声的影响

句宏宇 张松 崔树勋

（西南交通大学 生命科学与工程学院 材料先进技术教育部重点实验室，四川 成都 610031）

创新点说明：

1）发现了原子力显微镜（AFM）在高真空环境中具有非常小的噪声；

2）发现了AFM在液体环境中的噪声与液体粘度和悬臂运动速率之间的关系。

研究目的：

得到AFM的噪声和使用环境、悬臂种类以及仪器参数设置之间的关系，找出减小AFM噪声的有效方法。

研究方法：

模拟基于AFM的单分子力谱实验过程，通过计算AFM在高真空、大气和不同粘度液体环境中不同运动速率下力信号数值的标准差（即噪声大小），分析AFM噪声的影响因素。

研究结果：

1）V形悬臂在高真空环境中具有非常小的噪声，在大气环境中噪声有微小增大，在液体环境中噪声显著增大；

2）AFM具有较低的系统噪声，且系统噪声大小和悬臂到基底的距离相关；

3）随着悬臂运动速率的增加，V形悬臂在不同粘度液体环境中的噪声表现出相似的增大趋势。且液体黏度越大，噪声随速率增大的趋势越显著；

4）相同环境中矩形悬臂的噪声小于V形悬臂的噪声。

结论：

1）高真空环境中AFM具有较小的噪声和较高的分辨率，是进行单分子力谱实验的理想环境；

2） 在液体环境中为了获得较高的信噪比，应尽可能地减小悬臂的运动速率和液体粘度。

关键词：原子力显微镜；悬臂；噪声；高真空；粘度

     

Crossing the Border: From Keto- to Imine Reduction in Short-Chain Dehydrogenases/Reductases

The family of NAD(P)H-dependent short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) comprises numerous biocatalysts capable of C=O or C=C reduction. The highly homologous noroxomaritidine reductase (NR) from Narcissus sp. aff. pseudonarcissus and Zt_SDR from Zephyranthes treatiae, however, are SDRs with an extended imine substrate scope. Comparison with a similar SDR from Asparagus officinalis (Ao_SDR) exhibiting keto-reducing activity, yet negligible imine-reducing capability, and mining the Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Engineering Database indicated that NR and Zt_SDR possess a unique active-site composition among SDRs. Adapting the active site of Ao_SDR accordingly improved its imine-reducing capability. By applying the same strategy, an unrelated SDR from Methylobacterium sp. 77 (M77_SDR) with distinct keto-reducing activity was engineered into a promiscuous enzyme with imine-reducing activity, thereby confirming that the ability to reduce imines can be rationally introduced into members of the “classical” SDR enzyme family. Thus, members of the SDR family could be a promising starting point for protein approaches to generate new imine-reducing enzymes.     

高频氢等离子体增强还原制备超细铜粉

利用高频感应热氢等离子体强化还原制备超细铜粉，考察了加料速率、还原氢气流量、氢气分布位置、反应区空间、冷却温度等因素对铜粉颗粒性能的影响，对制备的铜粉颗粒进行氧含量、XRD晶体结构、松装密度、粒度分布和比表面积的表征。结果表明，优化的工艺条件为反应区内径100 mm，加料速率4 g/min，淬火气氩气气量500 L/h，氢气气量500 L/h并通入少量载气，由氢等离子电离产生的氢自由基可强化反应实现瞬时还原，不仅可控制铜粉形貌，还能有效控制铜粉颗粒大小；利用该方法制备出粒径分布100?200 nm、分散性好的超细球形铜粉颗粒。该方法操作简便、产品纯度高、气氛可控、对环境污染小。     

基于径流污染控制目标为目的的分流制初期雨水调蓄池容积确定

鉴于初期雨水污染为地表水体的主要污染源之一,以儒乐湖初期雨水调蓄池容积确定为例,采用调蓄池工程措施进行截流,以V类水体标准为径流污染控制目标,在《室外排水设计规范》中控制径流污染的分流制初期雨水调蓄池计算公式的基础上,应用模型法模拟得出控制目标下的初期雨水径流累积深度及调蓄池容积。结果表明,截留径流累积深度为7mm,初期雨水调蓄池容积分别为9 250、5 850m^3时,研究区域内能够满足在管网重现期下排水水质达到V类水体标准。研究成果可为初期雨水截流工程实施提供建议及参考。     

Oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction catalyzed by carbon-supported molybdenum-coated palladium nanocubes

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are two important processes for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Herein, we describe the preparation of carbon-supported Pd nanocubes@Mo core@shell nanostructures as efficient dual catalysts for both ORR and HER. The core@shell structure was manifested by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements, including high angle-angular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy and elemental mapping analysis. Further structural insights were obtained in X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The nanostructures exhibited apparent electrocatalytic activity toward both ORR and HER, and the performances were markedly higher than those without the deposition of a Mo overlayer. In ORR, the activity was even better than that of commercial Pt/C within the context of onset potential, specific and mass activities; whereas in HER, the performance of Pd nanocubes@Mo core@shell nanostructures remained subpar as compared to that of Pt/C in terms of the overpotential to reach the current density of 10 mA cm^?2, the Tafel slope was comparable and the stability was excellent. The excellent electrocatalytic performance can be attributed to the Pd-Mo synergistic effects imparted from the core-shell structure.     

A rapid method for interfacial tension calculation between rock plug and crude oil based on contact angles,application for EOR

Interfacial tension and contact angle are two specific important parameters to take decisions for enhanced oil recovery, for instance, proper chemicals to use for surface tension reduction, expected wettability of solids, interaction between crude oil and rock. For this purpose, the article presents a method for easy calculation of the solid-liquid interfacial tension based on contact angle measurements applying Neumann's correlation and Young's equation. The main idea stands on the calculation of the rock parameters, like wettability, with known substances and extend these results to crude oils. It was possible, based on the results obtained, to establish a relationship between solid-liquid interfacial tension and contact angle for the crude oil – rock system, which can definitively be used for the calculation of interfacial tension of any other fluid spread out on the same kind of rock. A linear regression was obtained with an accuracy as good as R² = 0.9989. Viscosity as a function of contact angle could also be obtained for the studied crude oils in the same kind of rock.